Bruxism and Temporomandibular
Bruxism (teeth grinding) and Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Disorder.
Bruxism (Teeth Grinding) and Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Disorder
Bruxism, or teeth grinding, is the involuntary and often spasmodic movement of the teeth that occurs when we clench or grind our teeth without realizing it. This condition typically manifests during sleep, although it can also be observed during the day. It involves abnormal movement of the lower jaw and the muscles supporting it, which is unrelated to normal chewing.
Bruxism affects approximately 5-20% of the population, with no difference between genders or ages. While children are more vulnerable, the condition occurs less frequently in elderly individuals over the age of 65. Many people are unaware that they grind their teeth during sleep, but the sounds may be audible to those around them.
In some cases, a dentist may recognize the signs of bruxism during a clinical examination.
Symptoms and Consequences of Bruxism
The pressure exerted on the teeth during bruxism is much greater than that generated during the day. This can lead to various consequences, such as:
• Enamel wear on the teeth, exposing the internal layers.
• Facial pain and jaw muscle pain, along with headaches or migraines.
• Ear pain due to strain on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
• Referred pain, when an individual feels pain in a different location from the source.
• Sleep disturbances due to the tension and discomfort.
• Cheek damage from continuous chewing.
• Jaw locking, where the jaw does not open or close properly.
The duration and intensity of bruxism vary from person to person. Some people grind their teeth for more than 30-40 minutes at night, which can lead to permanent jaw damage over time.
Around 20% of individuals who grind their teeth develop Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (TMD), a painful condition affecting the function of the TMJ, causing pain and limited jaw movement.
The Temporomandibular Joint
The temporomandibular joint is the joint that connects the base of the skull with the lower jaw and is responsible for mouth movements, such as opening and closing. When we grind our teeth constantly, this joint is subjected to excessive strain, resulting in pain and often a "clicking" sound during mouth movements.
Causes of Bruxism
Bruxism can be caused by a variety of factors, ranging from psychological to physiological. Some of the most common causes include:
• Stress and tension: Emotional pressure or anger often leads to excessive clenching or grinding of the teeth.
• Central nervous system disorders: Some studies show that increased brain activity and heart rate before a bruxism episode may serve as warning signs.
• Muscle spasms: Some individuals may experience facial muscle spasms during sleep, leading to bruxism.
• Medication side effects: Bruxism can be a result of medications such as antidepressants or antipsychotics.
• Neurological conditions: Diseases such as Parkinson's disease or Huntington's disease may cause bruxism.
• Other factors: Fatigue, alcohol consumption, smoking, sleep apnea, and snoring may also exacerbate the occurrence of bruxism.
Treatment for Bruxism
The treatment for bruxism depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. While there is no single treatment that covers all cases, several strategies can help limit or eliminate symptoms. Some of the most common methods include:
• Splints: Splints are the most common treatment for bruxism. These are special devices placed on the upper or lower teeth to prevent direct contact between the teeth and minimize wear.
• Stress management: Using relaxation techniques, such as meditation, or psychological support may help address the psychological causes of bruxism.
• Medications: In some cases, muscle relaxants or other medications may be prescribed to reduce muscle tension and prevent teeth grinding.
• Behavioral changes: Monitoring habits and jaw movements can help reduce the problem.
Proper diagnosis and collaboration with a dentist or doctor are essential for effective management of bruxism.
